Effects of Mass Media Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Effects of Mass Media Worksheet Essay What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century?| The major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century included the radio, television, and communication gadgetry, such as personal computers, cable TV, DVDs, DVRs, direct broadcast satellites, fax machines, cell phones, smartphones, and PDAs.For a large part of the 20th century, televisions and radios where stationary devices. More recently, devices such as, laptops, ipads, and smartphones allow people to view magazine articles, radio programs, songs, TV shows, and movies, from almost any location they want. On the Internet, multiple images, texts, and sounds are digitally reproduced and transmitted globally. These devices are constantly being update to provide consumers with the newest technologies possible. The Internet and social media, such as Facebook and e-mail are other large developments in the evolution of mass media. In fact, Facebook alone has more than 500 million users worldwide. Social media allows people from all over the world to connect through ongoing online conversations, share stories and interests, and to produce their own media content. This also gives people the choice to upload photos and homemade videos, and share them with others around the world.The media convergence has allowed media marketers to consolidate multiple media services such as, cable connections, phone services, television transmissions, and Internet access, under one corporate umbrella. For example, when a company owns more than on media outlet they can have a reporter or producer to create multiple different versions of the same story for multiple media outlets. This helps companies to manage resources and maximize profits. How did each development influence American culture?| The rapid development of cable television and the Internet have caused traditional leaders in communication to lose some of their control o ver information. For example, ABC, CBS, and NBC lost some of their audience to other networks, like MTV, CNN, MSNBC, Fox News, Comedy Central, and radio talk shows. Internet Bloggers have become a large factor in the news as well because blogging allows anyone to speak  their mind at any time. The Internet and social media are changing the ways in which we absorb and interact with the media culture. Sending letters through the mail has, to some, become a thing of the past, as e-mail has become the quickest way to send communication to one person or a group of people in a matter of seconds. In addition, several repressive and totalitarian regimes have had difficulties with controlling messages sent through the borderless Internet.Along with these types of developments, we have also seen differences in the types of content that is put on news shows, television shows, video games, radio shows, and the Internet. From personal problems to dangerous stunts, this type of content has consumers worried about the overwhelming amount of information now available. Research indicates that there is a connection between aggression in children and violent games and entertainment shows. According to Campbell (2012), â€Å"children, who watch nearly forty thousand TV commercials each year, are particularly vulnerable to marketers selling junk, food, toys, and â€Å"cool† clothing†. The evolution of mass media has come a long way, but it plays a controversial role in society. | Resource Campbell, R., Martin, C.R., Fabos, B (2012) Media culture: An introduction to mass communication (8th.) New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

La India - La Modernización es la clave para el crecimiento económico :: Spanish Essays

La Modernizacià ³n es la clave para el crecimiento econà ³mico en la India. Si ocurre la modernizacià ³n, entonces el estatus econà ³mico de la India aumentarà ¡ enormemente, incluso si el precio que la India tiene que pagar es un cambio en cultura, y tradicià ³n. La India ha estado financieramente estancada desde sus principios. Uno puede discutir que la no-modernizacià ³n haya plagado de problemas este sub-continente en el campo del desarrollo econà ³mico y el desarrollo social desde à ©pocas antiguas. Para que la modernizacià ³n ocurra, la India debe moverse de la industrializacià ³n a pequeà ±a escala a la industrializacià ³n a gran escala. Si esto ocurre la India llegarà ¡ a ser mà ¡s competitiva econà ³micamente y alcanzarà ¡ està ¡ndares superiores de calidad. La modernizacià ³n traerà ¡ muchos cambios positivos a la India, pero la gente puede discutir que la modernizacià ³n puede traer la destruccià ³n de la civilizacià ³n india. Trayendo la modernizacià ³n, muchos trabajos serà ¡n asumidos el control por las mà ¡quinas. Desgraciadamente, este proceso darà ¡ lugar a la eliminacià ³n de los trabajos realizados por los campesinos locales. Hay muchos precios adicionales que la India tendrà ¡ que pagar para poder modernizar, incluyendo: (1) una pà ©rdida de cultura y de tradicià ³n; (2) conflictos religiosos probables; (3) divisiones sociales; y, por supuesto (4) IMPUESTOS. Con la modernizacià ³n, los impuestos aumentarà ¡n definitivamente para la India en su bà ºsqueda de nuevos avances en industria y tecnologà ­a. Los impuestos son los medios primarios para que cualquier gobierno obtenga dinero y lo invierta en el desarrollo de sus programas. Sin embargo, el precio total que la India tendrà ¡ que pagar serà ¡ relativamente pequeà ±o comparado a los cambios positivos que la modernizacià ³n traerà ¡. Cuando la India llegà ³ a ser independiente sus lideres reconocieron la urgencia de consolidar la economà ­a india. Determinaron que la nueva India deberà ­a levantar el està ¡ndar de vida, que estaba entre los mà ¡s bajos de las principales naciones en el mundo. Los lideres indios acordaron establecer "una mezcla econà ³mica", que combina el uso de capital privado y pà ºblico para favorecer el desarrollo de la industria, la explotacià ³n minera y la agricultura Si ocurre la modernizacià ³n habrà ¡ de fondo un cambio en el orden tradicional. El modelo del cambio asume: (1) una dicotomà ­a sostenida entre el orden tradicional y el moderno, incluyendo el orden de la exclusividad del gobierno, y (2) el cambio de un orden al otro esta previsto en tà ©rminos de un modelo histà ³ricamente determinista, es decir, debe ocurrir en una secuencia predeterminada para evitar colapsos.

Outcomes and Evalustion of Community Health Project

Outcomes and Evaluation of Community Health Project It is important to evaluate any public health program to determine its contribution and health impact on the population it was designed to help, in addition to its sustainability. Processes should be established during the inception of the program to establish a baseline, and methods of gathering data, which would be used for this evaluation. The RE-AIM evaluation model was chosen to guide the process of evaluating the American Indian Diabetes Program (AIDP). This paper examines how the AIDP program’s methods and results will be measured and evaluated to ensure the best possible outcomes. Elements of the Evaluation Model The RE-AIM model is specifically well suited for evaluating the population based-impact of large public health programs. It contends that some more effective, expensive, programs that conduct trials using a highly motivated population, are usually not generalizable to the real world. It is preferable for a program to have a more realistic efficacy goal, reach more people, and achieve a larger adoption by communities and policy makers, a program that is implemented as intended, and results in behavioral change that is maintained over the long term (Glasgow, Vogt, & Boles, 1999). The name RE-AIM is an acronym that stands for reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. The five RE-AIM dimensions are each given a 0 to 1 (or 0% to 100%) score during program evaluation (Glasgow et al. , 1999). It is suggested that the program’s implementation be evaluated over a period of at least 6 months to a year, and 2 years or longer for the maintenance portion of the program (Glasgow et al, 1999). This model is appropriate to use as a framework for evaluating the AIDP because it works well with programs that seek to reach large numbers of people. In the AIDP we will be attempting to screen the entire adult Indian reservation population for diabetes or pre-diabetes. The model also works well with programs that require more than one intervention. This program offers both preventative and disease management interventions. We will be evaluating the marketing, screening, and the education process of the diabetes prevention side of the program by taking an initial census of the reservation adult population (age 18 and older), and comparing that number with those who participate in the screening and attend educational classes. This will demonstrate the programs reach. â€Å"Screening for type 2 diabetes in high risk populations is widely recommended† because epidemiological studies have shown evidence to suggest that 30% to 50% of all diabetics are undiagnosed (Goyder, Wild, Fischbacher, Carlisle, & Peters, 2008, p. 370). This could be especially true for the American Indian. We will also be doing further tests on those who have been shown to be pre-diabetics and diabetics. Both groups plus family members will go through diabetes education courses. Those with pre-diabetes would be rechecked every six months the first year and every six months in following years, with telephone follow-up on diet changes and exercise progress in between. All data would be recorded for future evaluation. The diabetics would be seen quarterly and all test results, patient compliance to diabetes management practices, along with physical improvement or complications would be utilized for evaluation via record review. It would be necessary to obtain patient consent prior to their participation in the program. Measurable Objectives There are four main objectives this program would be seeking to achieve: behavioral changes, early diabetes detection, improved communication, and better monitoring in disease management. The expected early detection of pre-diabetes and new cases of diabetes would be high, perhaps 14. 2% or higher during the initial adult population screening, since diabetes among American Indians is more than twice that of white Americans which by comparison is 7. 1% (CDC, 2011). Behavioral changes would be measured at all levels of the program. After a baseline behavior survey was taken, at six months and a year, population behavior changes would be measured by telephone surveys. Those with pre-diabetes would come in for weight checks every three months, after receiving the healthy diet and exercise education and weight loss counseling if necessary. Any weight improvements based on each individual’s ideal weight for height and gender, as well as their 6 month fasting blood glucose results, along with patient’s description of iet and exercise routine which would be scored from 1 to 5 with 5 being best, this should indicate behavioral change. These changes would be tracked and averaged to determine the overall result. Because the American Indian population is so far behind in healthy behaviors than the rest of the population, there needs to be a 20% improvement in lifestyle changes. Behavior changes are especially necessary in people who have bee n diagnosed with diabetes. After attending the diabetes disease management training, patients would be monitored for following the guidelines. They would be expected to take their medication as directed, check their blood sugar twice a day a couple hours after meals and sometimes more is uncontrolled, follow the diabetic diet and exercise plan, and keep their quarterly appointments. Many diabetic patients do not follow doctor recommendations. We would do follow-up calls, home visits, and one on one teaching for patients and family members if behavior compliance is weak. Based on showing up for follow-up appointments, fasting blood glucose levels, HgA1c level, and weight change, all of which can be tracked and averaged, behavior change can be measured. We also intend to institute better monitoring in the disease management portion of the program. Weight would be measured at every appointment. Family members would be encouraged to attend appointments with their diabetic relative to lend support. Fasting blood glucose would be drawn as well as HgA1c which more accurately depicts the level the diabetes is controlled. The HgA1c should be less than 7 and is even better if it is less than 6. An annual dilated eye exam would be done, and blood pressure along with foot examinations would be performed at every appointment. We would actually be monitoring the consistency in which these tests would be performed by staff. The information would be found by reviewing the data in patient records. We expect 90% compliance, understanding that wheelchair status might make weights unobtainable. Finally, the last objective to be monitored is communication. Communication is vital to achieving success in every other aspect of the program. Communication incorporates educating the patient, family, community, tribal leaders, and politicians in Washington. Except for the nurse/ patient relationship and new patient teaching which are ongoing, most of the community, family, and political communication should be completed during the first year. Communication with community, family and patient would be through marketing, local television, community education, school curriculum, flyers and diabetes fair, as well as one on one patient teaching. The communication could be measured by evaluating the level of understanding of the listeners, through phone surveys and an outcomes evaluation. The majority (55% or greater) of the phone surveys should demonstrate an understanding of the information communicated in the media campaign and patient teaching sessions. Communication with tribal leaders would be measured by the leader’s cooperation with the program’s objectives and methods. It is important when communicating to listen as well as speak. The best results are derived when a discussion method is used instead of using a ‘telling’ approach. A patient satisfaction survey would be used to gauge the communication techniques in the nurse/patient relationship. Reasons for Chosen Outcomes The first objective of early detection was chosen because Healthy People 2020 recommends this objective, since many people with diabetes go undiagnosed. There is very little we can do to help people until they are diagnosed. It is reasonable to expect an outcome of 14. 2% newly diagnosed diabetics during the first screening, as that is the current rate of diabetes in the American Indian population. The first year’s screening will detect many undiagnosed diabetics and will usher them into to treatment. Behavioral change was listed because for any â€Å"therapeutic or preventive regimen to be effective, the patient must implement the self-care behaviors and adhere to the treatment regimen† (Evangelista & Shinnick, 2008, p. 250). It is vital that diabetics and pre-diabetics adhere to a healthy diet and exercise regimen in order to optimize glycemic control, reduce risk of complications, and loose weight (Eilat-Adar et al. , 2008). Unfortunately, according to Eilat-Adar (2008), most American Indians show a low adherence to dietary recommendations. Much of the AIDP efforts would be put into teaching and motivating the American Indian to follow the recommended guidelines. We will be aiming for a 20% improvement in lifestyle change over the first year. The bar was set high, 90% when it came to adhering to the guidelines set out for monitoring patients in the clinic. These guidelines would be implemented at the onset of the program. Professional staff should understand the importance of performing these tests, so more is expected of them. Communication is an objective that is key to success in every other aspect of the program. In order to achieve adherence to behavior changes, the patient must understand why it is important, and how to make those changes. Because communication is initiated by the health care group and people involved with the marketing of the health care information, the expectations are high. A realistic expectation that 55% of the general population would understand and remember the information presented. The number of diagnosed diabetics who receive a formal diabetic education would be set at 62. % because that is the target for the (Healthy People 2020, 2008) diabetic education. Overcoming Negative Outcomes A possible negative outcome could result if the American Indian fails to adhere to the behavior changes necessary to gain control over their blood sugar and thus prevent the serious complications associated with the disease. Nurses can help patients and families cope with diabetes and give them hope of a high quality of life if they follow the doctor’s recommendations with th eir diet and exercise. They can talk to the patient and family about possible difficulties in changing their style of eating and increasing exercise and work with them to find solutions. They can help them discover attainable ways to live healthy. If people understand how important it is to change behaviors, they will at least try to do so. Sustainability There are three main elements necessary for this program to be able to be sustainable over time: funding, meeting the programs objectives and the ability to adapt as circumstances change. We would initially apply for grants that would fund this study for three years. During those three years, it is important that we be able to show that the four objectives (early detection of diabetes, behavior changes, better monitoring, and communication) were met and could continue to help the American Indian manage their disease thus decreasing the complications associated with diabetes, and help lower the population’s risk of acquiring this disease. Our strategy is unique in that we are harnessing the valuable effect of family and community support to help diabetics and pre-diabetics effect behavioral change in eating and exercise. No other program has attempted this method of behavior modification with the American Indian. It is believed that with success in meeting the objectives of this project continued funding would follow. It is understood that over time it may be necessary to change and adapt our methods to ensure continued effectiveness. Summary This paper describes the evaluation model that would be used and why it was chosen. The RE-AIM model addresses the reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation and maintenance of the program. The programs objectives were restated along with their measurable desired or expected outcomes. The American Indian Diabetes Program (AIDP), has four stated objectives: early diabetes detection, behavior changes, better monitoring in disease management, and improved communication. The measurable outcomes were explained and supportive evidence given. A possible negative outcome was given, listing lack of adhering to necessary behavior changes. Though this is a possibility and some patients will be noncompliant, it is believed with further education and follow-up we can help them achieve better self-management. Sustainability will be achieved by meeting the objectives previously laid out in this paper. This will show the value of the program and encourage future funding. If necessary to ensure continued effectiveness of the program, AIDP is capable of adapting its methods to new circumstances.

The Satire of Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay - 1009 Words

The Satire of Cats Cradle Cats Cradle is, Vonneguts most highly praised novel. Filled with humor and unforgettable characters, this apocalyptic story tells of Earths ultimate end, and presents a vision of the future that is both darkly fantastic and funny, as Vonnegut weaves a satirical commentary on modern man and his madness (Barnes and Noble n.pag). In Cats Cradle, Kurt Vonnegut uses satire as a vehicle for threatened self-destruction when he designs the government of San Lorenzo. In addition, the Bokonists practice of Boko-maru, and if the world is going to end in total self destruction and ruin, then people will die, no matter how good people are and what religion people believe. An example†¦show more content†¦The story of Bokonon and his religion begins with the dictator of San Lorenzo and Bokonon at first being friends, but then they decided to govern San Lorenzo by themselves. Seeing that the people are hopeless and without direction, Bokonon invents his religion, When Bokonon and McCabe took over this miserable country year ago...they through out the priests. And then Bokonon, cynically and playfully invented a new religion (Scholes 172). But then McCabe outlaws it and makes practicing any religion other than Christianity punishable by the deadly Hook, Anybody caught practicing Bokononsim in San Lorenzo, will die on the Hook (Scholes 134). All the people on the island have become devout Bokonists, and the struggle between the government and the religion keeps them entertained, and therefore alive, Well, when it became evident that no government or economic reform was going to make the people much less miserable, the religion became the one real instrument of hope. Truth was the enemy of the people, because the truth was so terrible, so Bokonon made it his business to provide the people with better and better lies (Scholes 172). The hopeless, directionless people represent mankind as a whole and the government plot represents what Vonnegut sees as societys mindless, clear diversion from reality that keeps everyone interested in life. An example of satire as a vehicle of self-destruction in theShow MoreRelated Satire and Fantasy in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesSatire and Fantasy in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle For this essay, I decided to pick two terms that describe Cats Cradle. I felt that satire and fantasy were two terms that suited the novel quite well. The book qualifies as a satire because it makes a mockery of things that were of concern in the sixties. For example, the Cuban missile crisis was a big issue in the early sixties. Religion was taken much more seriously, and the family unit was more tightly wound. In the novel, the threat comesRead More Satire, and Black Humor in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesSatire, and Black Humor in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Cats Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut was written in 1963. It is a satirical commentary on modern man and his madness (back cover). It is a book that counters almost every aspect of our society. As well as satire, Vonnegut also includes apocalyptic elements in this novel. Satire, the use of irony, sarcasm, or ridicule in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice or folly (Webster 1193), is very prevalent in Cats Cradle. Vonnegut hits on manyRead MoreKurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Use of Satire1498 Words   |  6 PagesCats Cradle: Religion and Satire What is religion? There is no one correct answer, however, one definition that seems to cover every aspect of most established religions is, Â…the most comprehensive and intensive manner of valuing known to human beings (Pecorino). In Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle, Vonnegut takes this definition and creates his own religion in order to satirize all others. Bokononism, Vonneguts contrived religion, is built on foma, or harmless untruths. Bokononists believeRead MoreEssay on Use Of Satire in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle1426 Words   |  6 PagesCats Cradle: Religion and Satire What is religion? There is no one correct answer, however, one definition that seems to cover every aspect of most established religions is, Â…the most comprehensive and intensive manner of valuing known to human beings (Pecorino). In Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle, Vonnegut takes this definition and creates his own religion in order to satirize all others. Bokononism, Vonneguts contrived religion, is built on foma, or harmless untruths. Bokononists believeRead MoreCat’s Cradle: Bans Without Reason728 Words   |  3 PagesKurt Vonnegut’s eyes, America is being taught that some books and ideas are tantamount to diseases. As a consequence, the humorous, satirical novel Cat’s Cradle has been unjustly challenged in a few areas of the United States. The novel looks at the structures that curb our society, especially in religion and science, and contains an educational value that is paramount in correlation to its suggestive themes. Therefore, despite Cat’s Cradle’s minor suggestive content, including religious satire andRead MoreCats Cradle: the Destructive Nature of Humans1582 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrates in Cats Cradle with the example of ice-nine, which is developed by the fictional creator of the atom bomb, Felix Hoenikker. It is symbolic of the atom bomb in that it has the power to end human life. Hoenikker is obviously an exceedingly smart man; however, it can be inferred from his inventions that he does not always consider the negative consequences of his new discoveries. He is merely on a quest for further knowledge, not a quest to better our society. The game of cats cradle, which HoenikkerRead More Effective Use of Irony and Satire in Cats Cradle Essay871 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;Effective Use of Irony and Satire in Cats Cradlenbsp;nbsp; Cats Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut is a satire on the state of world affairs in the 1960s. Vonnegut made a commentary in this book on the tendency of humans to be warlike, belligerent, and shortsighted. The main character of the book, the narrator, is certainly not a protagonist, although the modern reader craves a hero in every story and the narrator in this one is the most likely candidate. Through the narrators eyes, VonnegutRead MoreCats Cradle: The Destructive Nature Of Humans Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagesdemonstrates in Cats Cradle with the example of ice-nine, which is developed by the fictional creator of the atom bomb, Felix Hoenikker. It is symbolic of the atom bomb in that it has the power to end human life. Hoenikker is obviously an exceedingly smart man; however, it can be inferred from his inventions that he does not always consider the negative consequences of his new discoveries. He is merely on a quest for further knowledge, not a quest to better our society. The game o f cats cradle, which HoenikkerRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Cat s Cradle 1194 Words   |  5 PagesIn Cat’s Cradle, Kurt Vonnegut investigates the negative impacts that can result from humanities pursuit of knowledge through literary structure, irony, and symbolism. Kurt Vonnegut, well known for his pessimistic attitude and writing concerning the flaws of human nature, focuses this energy into Cat’s Cradle. Using satire interweaved with poetry, Vonnegut is successful in challenging the merits of human progress. Vonnegut uses small poetic insertions throughout his piece to help communicate hisRead More Postmodernist Features in Vonneguts Cats Cradle2907 Words   |  12 PagesPostmodernist Features in Vonneguts Cats Cradle Cats Cradle is a book, which enables many points for literary discussions. One possible topic of them could be the postmodernist features in this book. In this examination Ihab Hassans essay Toward a Concept of Postmodernism was used as a source of secondary literature for defining of postmodernist features. The most visible and prevalent features are postmodernist metonymy, treatment of the character, dynamic